Phenomenology Through the Passage of Time

Phenomenology Through the Passage of Time Phenomenology through the passage of time Today architecture has become extremely dependent on peoples visual experience. Writers, poets, philosophers, artists, and experts from diverse areas of life have noticed the increase in the quantity as well as the speed of visual imagery which affect our society. In the context of this observation they have commented by saying the following statements. Italo Calvino (1988, p. 57) has written about the unending rainfall of images, in addition to which Richard Kearney (2002, p. 383) talks about the image addiction, and furthermore Roland Barthes (1964, p. 38) suggests that its the civilization of the image. Through the passage of time, the way we perceive architecture has changed. As the world has evolved, our means of interpreting what we see have evolved with it too. Earlier, during the renaissance period, architecture and art were perceived through static portrayals of paintings, whether it were within the architecture itself or on a canvas. In order to experience the architecture, one had to physically visit the space, which in turn changed the experience one had within the space. The speed and quantity of images during that time period were comparatively lower. As compared to the era of the renaissance, today, art and architecture are perceived through fast moving images, bright LED screens, and flashing signboards. The modern architect has skipped the static era and interprets architecture through the mobility of images. In order for one to know about a famous work of architecture, one doesn’t necessarily have to physically visit the space. The increase in the quantity of i mages today makes it easier to transport images as compared to buildings. Through the infinite amount of images that are available via various resources, the way we perceive architecture today has become extremely different as to how we perceived architecture back in time. In the context of architecture today, Juhani Pallasmaa (2011, p. 119) has written: Architecture is increasingly turning into the fabrication of seductively aestheticized images without roots in our existential experience and devoid of authentic desire of life. Instead of being a lived and embodied existential metaphor, today’s architecture tends to project purely retinal images, architectural pictures as it were, for the seduction of the eye. Since the early part of the twentieth century the basic principals of the theory of phenomenology were moderately applied to architecture, but as an acknowledgement towards modernity the theory emerged as a workable alternative for architectural thought, and more recently the theory has gained a following amongst architects and writers. It is an established fact that the relationship between the architecture and its image is profoundly entwined amongst one another, although there is a another topic that is quite frequently discussed in architecture that rotates around whether there should be a constant need for new innovations or the quest for architecture that already exists amongst us. These two opposing sides of architectural theory were coined the following terms by Peter Eisenman, zeitgeist and genius loci respectively. Those in the favor of the theory of phenomenology towards the approach of architectural design support the genius loci, which in simple terms talks about the spirit and distinctive atmosphere of the place. Therefore this also means that they associate unconventional and new innovations in the field with temporality, hence according to their methodology they prefer informed and descriptive design which they affiliate with the deep understanding of the context of the place. One of the core principles of phenomenology today is that the way we experience architecture is ongoing. That it is a dynamic experience. We experience it with all our senses. This experience in totality is dependent, culturally on where we come from. It differs person to person. The axiom of phenomenology revolves around the successful ability to design and build spaces, through the process or reverse engineering experiences, or by obtaining the crucial requirements that the space needs through personal intuition. One of many experts who have written about this percept, Japanese author Jun’ichirÃ…Â  Tanizaki’s in his work writes about how coming from different cultural backgrounds can immensely effect the experiences that people go through while visiting an architectural space. Similarly many other literature pieces have strongly been favorable towards the theory that the personal experiences that one goes through are unique and differ person to person when it com es to space and context. Furthermore, many theorists in the field of phenomenology also argue that while experiencing an architectural space, one needs to have grounding in relation with the context of the space, as well as ground with the genius loci. Theorists argue that this grounding is extremely necessary as it changes the experience for the better, and that if one experiences the space with no prior knowledge of the context of the space, the experience is not as profitable as the prior. However, I disagree with this theory. I do not agree that grounding is entirely necessary when it comes to experiencing a space. Phenomenology as a theory does not just talk about grounding in relation with context and space but talks about the experiences we feel while we are within the space. It is not about the architecture as much as it is about the people that inhabit the architecture. I think that the experiences that we go through are most definitely effected by where we come from, what our cultural backgrounds are, and what we, as individuals have experienced so far in our life. Going back to the context of this essay, the theory of phenomenology impacts the experiences we have while being within the spaces, but these experiences also change with time. If one experiences a certain range of emotions through their senses while visiting an architectural space, it is not necessary that they will experience the same set of emotions if they visit the space at a different point in t heir life. As time passes, we grow, we mature, and we get exposed to different outlets which in turn change the way we look at things. Our opinions change with time, and so does out perspective. Like many other experts in his field, Martin Heidegger wrote about the theory of phenomenology. His work (1927) broadened the scope of the theory as he suggested to include the semiconscious activities as well as the unconscious mental activities that were related to rational and practical activities. The way Heidegger approached these ideas were more practical than those of Edmund Husserl. He favored to find truths in relation with deep understandings of being. Through his work Heidegger secured a link between the theory of phenomenology and the practice of architecture, which has continued to influence experts from both these fields till today, theorists as well as architects. Numerous philosophers, writers, architects and theorists have condemned the analytical debate about the influence phenomenology has on architecture and design. Many architects have been linked to the theory with the work that they’ve put forward into the field. Although the extent of this relationship between the theory and their practicality while building varies. Some of these architects include: Alvar Aalto, Peter Zumthor, Hezrog and De Meuron and Louis Kahn. Individually they have all practiced changing the theory into practicality through their respective experiences. They have done this by studying the precise context and culture in relation with their design for the spaces, the aim of these works are to impact the users of the space in the same way that the architects were impacted, and in order for the users to imitate these experiences in the way that these architects has intended to put across. Opinions of the experts on the theory of phenomenology vary from person to person. The opinions on how the practice of this theory on architecture should adapt to times today differ as well. Pallasmaa (2009) insists that we should do the following, Instead of participating in the process of further speeding up the experience of the world, architecture has to slow down experience, halt time, and defend the natural slowness and diversity of experience. Architecture must defend us against excessive exposure, noise and communication. But I think that in reality the world is constantly moving at a fast pace which makes it extremely difficult to slow down experiences and time with it. Even though this would be the ideal way to approach meaningful experiences that people would go through while visiting a space, it is very difficult to achieve. In this context Rem Koolhas has said the following quote in an interview with the a magazine (Icon Magazine 2004) Any architectural project we do tak es at least four or five years, so increasingly there is a discrepancy between the acceleration of culture and the continuing slowness of architecture. I think that throughout time architecture has come up to be one of the most impactful and crucial reflection of cultures across the world. Whether we talk about historical monuments such as Coliseum in Rome, the Taj Mahal in India or whether we talk about modern day iconic buildings such as the Guggenheim Museum and the Empire State Building, each building reflects a different story of a different period of time that we have passed. While older cities have retained their essence and transport us back to a different time and era, modern day metropolitan cities are constantly moving at a fast pace, they don’t give us the time or the essence to look back and feel experiences about our past. They in turn project a vision of the future, and push us towards that future. Similarly phenomenology through time reflects different emotions on us at different points in our life. In this context it is not necessary that one must absolutely have prior knowledge about the context and genius loci of the space. A completely fruitful experience can also be achieved as architecture appeals to our senses, and its only a matter about what those senses do to our emotions. These emotions can vary due to various aspects at that point in time. It could be affected by the experiences we have previously encountered in our life, or it could trigger a range of emotions that have been enforced upon us while we visit the space. These range of emotions do not need to be grounded to the context of the site in order to felt. They can be affected by the essence of the space, just the way old cities have a different atmosphere to it. Although what I feel it is not necessary that the person I visit the place with feels the same while being within the space. These experiences also differ due to our cultural backgrounds and upbringings. I do believe that phenomenology as a theory plays an important role in experiences we feel while being within spaces, but I also think that the theory is almost flawed. Personally I think that thinking, processing and designing through the theory of phenomenology requires to envelope the ideology that it is extremely difficult to design spaces and just based on practicality and rationalization, but it is not that that difficult that an essence cannot be effectively felt through basic intuition and through the study of knowledge that we have but its just subconsciously or unconsciously there within our reach to access. To achieve a space that works functionally yet embodies the essence that is meant to trigger a set of emotions, both of the prior ways need to be combined and be constructively applied through design methodology. Only by doing this can a designer or an architect create a space where there is ambiguity and instinctiveness, as well as senses that are not visual which act as perfect tools to experience the architectural space. To conclude my essay, I think that through time as we grow and evolve, we are exposed to far more experiences which slightly change the way we look at things every time. The more exposure we get the more we grow spiritually and emotionally. This changes the way we experience spaces. I think that phenomenology is deeply intertwined with the concept of time and growth. It is also deeply intertwined with the speed at which we experience things. Through the passage of time we experience architecture differently and that phenomenology plays an extremely vital part in the equation of experiencing spaces.

The Theory Of Property :: essays research papers

The Theory of Property While Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines property as "something regarded as being possessed by, or at the disposal of, a person or group of persons species or class," (p. 1078) this definition hardly holds the connotations so emphatically discussed by the anthropologist Morgan. To Morgan, "property has been so immense...so diversified its uses so expanding...that it has become...an unmanageable power." (p.561) Why has it become such an unmanageable power? Morgan answers this question with the simple answer that it is due to the linear evolution of the social institution of property from being collectively owned to being individually owned which has planted the seed of its own destruction in modern society. Morgan, in an attempt to study the role property has played in shaping social structures throughout history, has concluded that the influences property has had on reshaping societies and vice versa can teach the historian many things about both the society being studied and the environment in which it strove to survive. To Morgan, the "germ" of the institution of property slowly infected many different societies in many different parts of the world. His teleological approach states that due to the "unity of mankind" various technological innovations, which gave rise to the ever-growing availability of property, allowed social change to occur in many areas of the globe independently. Every area, went through its own version of evolution in which the importance of wealth grew at varying rates. This discovery leads Morgan to believe that while the past was unified in its variation, it is the future which must presently be addressed. For Morgan, in studying the past one can learn much about the future. Not only does Morgan analyze the social emergence of various types of property, but he is also extremely interested in the human tendencies evident in various societies which surfaced as a result of the ever-growing list of ownable objects. As time progressed from the Status of Savagery through Barbarism and into Civilization new wants and needs arose mostly due to new inventions. It is on this relationship between property, technology, and the human desire for more of each which Morgan centers his work, and it is from this study which he hopes future generations will learn how to improve their institutions until they can be improved no more. Morgan structures his essay around three basic "ethnical periods of human progress" (p. 535) and the basic assumption that the more modes of production and subsistence there are the greater the proliferation of individual objects of ownership. As technology advances and discoveries are made, the amount of ownable objects grow as does the need to own.

Regression of the Human Race

As the human race ‘evolves' and progresses it has created an environment unsuitable for the generations to come. This Darwinist environment promotes the ideals of a ‘dog-eat-dog' world, in which one person's ambitions are more important than another human beings. People strive for the ideal life in which money is not an issue, so the matter of living comfortably is not a problem. To live comfortably is an idea of life without worry of matters such as starving, fiscal responsibility, and lord shelter.In order to achieve this life without worry, many people have progressed in heir businesses and technologies further improving the civilization, but at the cost of the environment around them. At the rate in which the human race is depleting its natural resources, future generations are going to struggle living at the same standards of the current human race. For example, since natural fuel sources are depleting which most transport vehicles depend upon, the price of gas will most likely escalate even more and less people will be able to afford the costs of owning a gas powered vehicle.However, the depletion of resources is the least to worry about; the use of all gasoline yields arbor dioxide. This carbon dioxide rises into the atmosphere and slowly tears away at the ozone layer by reacting with the chemical: ozone. As the ozone layer depletes, more of the sun's harmful and heating rays penetrate the Earth warming it. If too much of the ozone is depleted, the globe's average temperature will rise and throw nature off balance. Areas around the Earth's equator are already feeling its effects.Drought plagues the agricultural industry of the United States, especially Texas, because lack of water does not allow for the prosperity of crops and livestock. The human race is also digressing socially. Disease, illness, and starvation plagues third-world countries around the world while people in first-world nations worry about their ‘Faceable statuses' and ‘Twitter feeds. ‘ Economic classing also burdens the modern human race. For instance, one percent of America's population controls more than one-third of the United States' wealth.About fifty million people live below the poverty line which is a fiscal value of one person living with about twelve thousand dollars a year. ‘The rich get richer, while the poor get poorer. ‘ More and more people Join the impoverished population every year, but very little people Join he wealthy populations. Corruption also burdens several national governments. Foreign relations tend to be negative and war is constantly underway. Russia recently invaded Crimea and claimed the territory to attain peace, but a nation's rights were still violated.Another world war can erupt Just as easily as the first and second wars took place. Both of the world wars greatly impacted the environments the human race occupies, for example Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Earth has been infested by a parasi te that is sucking the life out of it and depleting all its natural resources. This parasite is the human race. Humans constantly tear down forests, mine its natural resources leaving huge gaping holes in the planet, and send tons of debris into the Earth's atmosphere further damaging the planet.Several species of animals have gone extinct due to the massive eradication of ecosystems throughout the world to harvest natural resources. Animals are becoming endangered because their natural habitats can no longer sustain life when their sources of shelter, food, and water are gone. The theory of Darwinism comes into play; if an animal cannot survive in an environment it must adapt to the new hangs, for if it does not the animal will and should die. Unfortunately, the human race most likely will not be able to adapt to a world consumed by water.As the global temperature rises, polar ice caps melt at increasing rates and increase the sea level, the â€Å"looming catastrophe. â€Å"(Rich ard 1) Beaches are growing smaller and smaller each year, and eventually the water will engulf major cities, such as New York. In fact, Hurricane Sandy would not have been as disastrous at it was if the sea level was lower. As human civilization ‘progresses' it is slowly destroying the only planet suitable or sustaining human life. Why grow a tree? It only makes the oxygen humans need to breathe in order to survive and function at fullest capacity.Greed for power and money has plagued human civilization and will ultimately lead to the extinction or near extinction of humanity. The lack of care for fellow humans, animals, and the Earth is destroying the planet. The human race will have to start all over again as it depletes all of the Earth's natural resources and destroys the only planet humans exists on, as far as evidence shows. However, ignorance also plays a big part in the extraction of human civilization; people deny the existence of global warming and justify their dest ruction of the globe.Work Cited Agency, Environmental Protection. Sustainability. N. D. Weapon. 5 May 2014.. This weapon explains the difficulties concerning sustainability of the current human population at the rate at which it is depleting the earth's resources. Anderson, Richard. Resource depletion: Opportunity or looming catastrophe? 1 1 June 2012. Document. 5 May 2014. This weapon provides several articles and studies concerning sustainability of the current human population as well as the effects of human resource depletion.

The Pathway Of Cancer Cells Essay - 1687 Words

Cancer cells are characterized by unlimited cell growth, inefficient apoptosis and excessive anabolism. The process of becoming cancer cells includes gene activation, micro-environmental changes and metabolic reprogramming. All of which compound upon one another and lead the cancer cells to continue with their overwhelming growth and activity. Malignant cancer cells invade and destroy organ infrastructure and replace it with disorganized and damaging cells. (1) The metabolic preference of cancer cells is wide ranging with cervical and glioma cells maintaining a normal oxidative phosphorylation and others exhibiting the switch to glycolysis. (2) This metabolic switch exhibits the adaptation to environmental changes and the tumor’s energy needs and activity. Overall, the carcinogenic process that defines each malignant tumor determines the metabolic profile of the cells. For the purpose of examining the metabolic switch, this paper will focus primarily on the Warburg principle w ith only slight examination of other cancer cell metabolic profiles. The Typical Cell Metabolism In a typical cell, the mitochondria works to provide the cell with adequate energy (in the form of ATP) in a well organized system. This system takes the glucose from the body and through glycolysis breaks it down to pyruvate, releasing 2 ATP. The products of glycolysis then enter the mitochondria, and are decarboxylated and attached to coA. Acetyl-coA can then enter the Krebs’s cycle. The Krebs cycle isShow MoreRelatedBiological Chemical Pathways And Its Effect On Cancer Cells Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesA cancerous cell must adapt to various biological chemical pathways and modify itself to impose its malignant behavior not only in humans but as well as in other species. The authors, Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. 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